CONTRACT LAW OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF CHINA（2）

第五章 合同的变更和转让 Chapter Five: Amendment and Assignment of Contracts
第七十七条当事人协商一致，可以变更合同。
Article 77 Amendment; Amendment Subject to Approval A contract may be amended if the parties have so agreed.
法律、行政法规规定变更合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。
Where amendment to the contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.
第七十八条当事人对合同变更的内容约定不明确的，推定为未变更。
Article 78 Ambiguous Amendment Not Effective A contract term is construed not to have been amended if the parties failed to clearly prescribe the terms of the amendment.
第七十九条债权人可以将合同的权利全部或者部分转让给第三人，但有下列情形之一的除外：
Article 79 Assignment of Rights; Exceptions The obligee may assign its rights under a contract in whole or in part to a third person, except where such assignment is prohibited:
（一）根据合同性质不得转让；(i) in light of the nature of the contract;
（二）按照当事人约定不得转让；(ii) by agreement between the parties;
（三）依照法律规定不得转让。(iii) by law.
第八十条债权人转让权利的，应当通知债务人。未经通知，该转让对债务人不发生效力。
Article 80 Duty to Notify When Assigning Rights; Revocation of Assignment Subject to Assignee’s Consent　　Where the obligee assigns its rights, it shall notify the obligor. Such assignment is not binding upon the obligor if notice was not given.
债权人转让权利的通知不得撤销，但经受让人同意的除外。
A notice of assignment of rights given by the obligee may not be revoked, except with the consent of the assignee.
第八十一条债权人转让权利的，受让人取得与债权有关的从权利，但该从权利专属于债权人自身的除外。
Article 81 Assumption of Incidental Right in Case of Assignment Where the obligee assigns a right, the assignee shall assume any incidental right associated with the obligee’s right, except where such incidental right is exclusively personal to the obligee.
第八十二条债务人接到债权转让通知后，债务人对让与人的抗辩，可以向受让人主张。
Article 82 Assigned Rights Subject to Accrued Defenses of Obligor Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of the obligee’s right, the obligor may, in respect of the assignee, avail itself of any defense it has against the assignor.
第八十三条债务人接到债权转让通知时，债务人对让与人享有债权，并且债务人的债权先于转让的债权到期或者同时到期的，债务人可以向受让人主张抵销。
Article 83 Availability of Set-off to Obligor Upon receipt of the notice of assignment of the obligee’s right, if the obligor has any right to performance by the assignor which is due before or at the same time as the assigned obligee’s right, the obligor may avail itself of any set-off against the assignee.
第八十四条债务人将合同的义务全部或者部分转移给第三人的，应当经债权人同意。
Article 84 Delegation of Obligations Subject to Consent by Obligee Where the obligor delegates its obligations under a contract in whole or in part to a third person, such delegation is subject to consent by the obligee.
第八十五条债务人转移义务的，新债务人可以主张原债务人对债权人的抗辩。
Article 85 Availability of Defenses to New Obligor Where the obligor has delegated an obligation, the new obligor may avail itself of any of the original obligor’s defenses against the obligee.
第八十六条债务人转移义务的，新债务人应当承担与主债务有关的从债务，但该从债务专属于原债务人自身的除外。
Article 86 Assumption of Incidental Obligation in Case of Delegation 　　　　　Where the obligor delegates an obligation, the new obligor shall assume any incidental obligation associated with the main obligation, except where such incidental obligation is exclusively personal to the original obligor.
第八十七条法律、行政法规规定转让权利或者转移义务应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。
Article 87 Assignment Subject to Approval Where the obligee’s assignment of a right or the obligor’s delegation of an obligation is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.
第八十八条当事人一方经对方同意，可以将自己在合同中的权利和义务一并转让给第三人。
Article 88 Concurrent Assignment and Delegation Upon consent by the other party, one party may concurrently assign its rights and delegate its obligations under a contract to a third person.
第八十九条权利和义务一并转让的，适用本法第七十九条、第八十一条至第八十三条、第八十五条至第八十七条的规定。
Article 89 Provisions Applicable to Concurrent Assignment Where a party concurrently assigns its rights and delegates its obligations, the provisions in Article 79, Articles 81 to 83, and Articles 85 to 87 apply.
第九十条当事人订立合同后合并的，由合并后的法人或者其他组织行使合同权利，履行合同义务。当事人订立合同后分立的，除债权人和债务人另有约定的以外，由分立的法人或者其他组织对合同的权利和义务享有连带债权，承担连带债务。
Article 90 Effect of Combination or Division of Contract Party Where a party has effected combination after it entered into a contract, the legal person or organization of any other nature resulting from the combination assumes the rights and obligations thereunder. Where a party has effected division after it entered into a contract, unless otherwise agreed by the obligee and obligor thereunder, the legal persons or other organizations resulting from the division jointly and severally assume the rights and obligations thereunder.
第六章 合同的权利义务终止 Chapter Six: Discharge of Contractual Rights and Obligations
第九十一条有下列情形之一的，合同的权利义务终止：
Article 91 Conditions for Discharge The rights and obligations under a contract are discharged in any of the following circumstances:
（一）债务已经按照约定履行；(i) The obligations were performed in accordance with the contract;
（二）合同解除；(ii) The contract was terminated;
（三）债务相互抵销；(iii) The obligations were set off against each other;
（四）债务人依法将标的物提存；(iv) The obligor placed the subject matter in escrow in accordance with the law;
（五）债权人免除债务；(v) The obligee released the obligor from performance;
（六）债权债务同归于一人；(vi) Both the obligee’s rights and obligor’s obligations were assumed by one party;
（七）法律规定或者当事人约定终止的其他情形。(vii) Any other discharging circumstance provided by law or prescribed by the parties occurred.
第九十二条合同的权利义务终止后，当事人应当遵循诚实信用原则，根据交易习惯履行通知、协助、保密等义务。
Article 92 Post-discharge Obligations Upon discharge of the rights and obligations under a contract, the parties shall abide by the principle of good faith and perform obligations such as notification, assistance and confidentiality, etc. in accordance with the relevant usage.
第九十三条当事人协商一致，可以解除合同。
Article 93 Termination by Agreement; Termination Right The parties may terminate a contract if they have so agreed.
当事人可以约定一方解除合同的条件。解除合同的条件成就时，解除权人可以解除合同。
The parties may prescribe a condition under which one party is entitled to terminate the contract. Upon satisfaction of the condition for termination of the contract, the party with the termination right may terminate the contract.
第九十四条有下列情形之一的，当事人可以解除合同：
Article 94 Legally Prescribed Conditions Giving Rise to Termination Right The parties may terminate a contract if:
（一）因不可抗力致使不能实现合同目的；(i) force majeure frustrated the purpose of the contract;
（二）在履行期限届满之前，当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行主要债务；(ii) before the time of performance, the other party expressly stated or indicated by its conduct that it will not perform its main obligations;
（三）当事人一方迟延履行主要债务，经催告后在合理期限内仍未履行；
(iii) the other party delayed performance of its main obligations, and failed to perform within a reasonable time after receiving demand for performance;
（四）当事人一方迟延履行债务或者有其他违约行为致使不能实现合同目的；
(iv) the other party delayed performance or otherwise breached the contract, thereby frustrating the purpose of the contract;
（五）法律规定的其他情形。(v) any other circumstance provided by law occurred.
第九十五条法律规定或者当事人约定解除权行使期限，期限届满当事人不行使的，该权利消灭。
Article 95 Time Limit for Termination; Extinguishment of Termination Right Where the law or the parties prescribe a period for exercising termination right, failure by a party to exercise it at the end of the period shall extinguish such right.
法律没有规定或者当事人没有约定解除权行使期限，经对方催告后在合理期限内不行使的，该权利消灭。
Where neither the law nor the parties prescribe a period for exercising termination right, failure by a party to exercise it within a reasonable time after receiving demand from the other party shall extinguish such right.
第九十六条当事人一方依照本法第九十三条第二款、第九十四条的规定主张解除合同的，应当通知对方。合同自通知到达对方时解除。对方有异议的，可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构确认解除合同的效力。
Article 96 Termination by Notification; Termination Subject to Approval The party availing itself of termination of a contract in accordance with Paragraph 2 of Article 93 and Article 94 hereof shall notify the other party. The contract is terminated when the notice reaches the other party. If the other party objects to the termination, the terminating party may petition the People’s Court or an arbitration institution to affirm the validity of the termination.
法律、行政法规规定解除合同应当办理批准、登记等手续的，依照其规定。
Where termination of a contract is subject to any procedure such as approval or registration, etc. as required by a relevant law or administrative regulation, such provision applies.
第九十七条合同解除后，尚未履行的，终止履行；已经履行的，根据履行情况和合同性质，当事人可以要求恢复原状、采取其他补救措施，并有权要求赔偿损失。
Article 97 Remedies in Case of Termination Upon termination of a contract, a performance which has not been rendered is discharged; if a performance has been rendered, a party may, in light of the degree of performance and the nature of the contract, require the other party to restore the subject matter to its original condition or otherwise remedy the situation, and is entitled to claim damages.
第九十八条合同的权利义务终止，不影响合同中结算和清理条款的效力。
Article 98 Settlement and Winding-up Provisions Not Affected by Discharge Discharge of contractual rights and obligations does not affect the validity of contract provisions concerning settlement of account and winding-up.
第九十九条当事人互负到期债务，该债务的标的物种类、品质相同的，任何一方可以将自己的债务与对方的债务抵销，但依照法律规定或者按照合同性质不得抵销的除外。
Article 99 Set-off; Set-off Not Subject to Condition Where each party owes performance to the other party that is due, and the subject matters of the obligations are identical in type and quality, either party may set off its obligation against the obligation of the other party, except where set-off is prohibited by law or in light of the nature of the contract.
当事人主张抵销的，应当通知对方。通知自到达对方时生效。抵销不得附条件或者附期限。
The party availing itself of set-off shall notify the other party. The notice becomes effective when it reaches the other party. Set-off may not be subject to any condition or time limit.
第一百条当事人互负债务，标的物种类、品质不相同的，经双方协商一致，也可以抵销。
Article 100 Set-off Involving Non-identical Subject Matters Where each party owes performance to the other party that is due, and the subject matters of the obligations are not identical in type and quality, the parties may effect set-off by mutual agreement.
第一百零一条有下列情形之一，难以履行债务的，债务人可以将标的物提存：
Article 101 Conditions Giving Rise to Right to Place Subject Matter in Escrow Where any of the following circumstances makes it difficult to render performance, the obligor may place the subject matter in escrow:
（一）债权人无正当理由拒绝受领；(i) The obligee refuses to take delivery of the subject matter without cause;
（二）债权人下落不明；(ii) The obligee cannot be located;
（三）债权人死亡未确定继承人或者丧失民事行为能力未确定监护人；
(iii) The obligee is deceased or incapacitated, and his heir or guardian is not determined;
（四）法律规定的其他情形。(iv) Any other circumstance provided by law occurs.
标的物不适于提存或者提存费用过高的，债务人依法可以拍卖或者变卖标的物，提存所得的价款。
Where the subject matter is not fit for escrow, or the escrow expenses will be excessive, the obligor may auction or liquidate the subject matter and place the proceeds in escrow.
第一百零二条标的物提存后，除债权人下落不明的以外，债务人应当及时通知债权人或者债权人的继承人、监护人。
Article 102 Duty to Notify in Case of Escrow After placing the subject matter in escrow, the obligor shall timely notify the obligee or his heir or guardian, except where the obligee cannot be located.
第一百零三条标的物提存后，毁损、灭失的风险由债权人承担。提存期间，标的物的孳息归债权人所有。提存费用由债权人负担。
Article 103 Risk of Loss; Fruits of Subject Matter Accrued during Escrow Once the subject matter is in escrow, the risk of its damage or loss is borne by the obligee. The fruits of the subject matter accrued during escrow belong to the obligee. Escrow expenses shall be borne by the obligee.
第一百零四条债权人可以随时领取提存物，但债权人对债务人负有到期债务的，在债权人未履行债务或者提供担保之前，提存部门根据债务人的要求应当拒绝其领取提存物。
Article 104 Taking Delivery of Subject Matter in Escrow Conditional upon Performance; Time Limit The obligee may take delivery of the subject matter in escrow at any time, provided that if the obligee owes performance toward the obligor that is due, prior to the obligee’s performance or provision of assurance, the escrow agent shall reject, the obligee’s attempt to take delivery of the subject matter in escrow as required by the obligor.
债权人领取提存物的权利，自提存之日起五年内不行使而消灭，提存物扣除提存费用后归国家所有。
The right of the obligee to take delivery of the subject matter in escrow is extinguished if not exercised within five years, commencing on the date when the subject matter was placed in escrow. After deduction of escrow expenses, the subject matter in escrow shall be turned over to the state.
第一百零五条债权人免除债务人部分或者全部债务的，合同的权利义务部分或者全部终止。
Article 105 Release Where the obligee released the obligor from performance in part or in whole, the rights and obligations under the contract are discharged in part or in whole.
第一百零六条债权和债务同归于一人的，合同的权利义务终止，但涉及第三人利益的除外。
Article 106 Merger of Rights and Obligations If the same party assumed all the rights and obligations under a contract, the rights and obligations thereunder are discharged, except where the contract involves the interests of a third person.
第七章 违约责任 Chapter Seven: Liabilities for Breach of Contracts
第一百零七条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，应当承担继续履行、采取补救措施或者赔偿损失等违约责任。
Article 107 Types of Liabilities for Breach If a party fails to perform its obligations under a contract, or rendered non-conforming performance, it shall bear the liabilities for breach of contract by specific performance, cure of non-conforming performance or payment of damages, etc.
第一百零八条当事人一方明确表示或者以自己的行为表明不履行合同义务的，对方可以在履行期限届满之前要求其承担违约责任。
Article 108 Anticipatory Breach Where one party expressly states or indicates by its conduct that it will not perform its obligations under a contract, the other party may hold it liable for breach of contract before the time of performance.
第一百零九条当事人一方未支付价款或者报酬的，对方可以要求其支付价款或者报酬。
Article 109 Monetary Specific Performance If a party fails to pay the price or remuneration, the other party may require payment thereof.
第一百一十条当事人一方不履行非金钱债务或者履行非金钱债务不符合约定的，对方可以要求履行，但有下列情形之一的除外：
Article 110 Non-monetary Specific Performance; Exceptions 　　　　　　　　　　　Where a party fails to perform, or rendered non-conforming performance of, a non-monetary obligation, the other party may require performance, except where:
（一）法律上或者事实上不能履行；
(i) performance is impossible in law or in fact;
（二）债务的标的不适于强制履行或者履行费用过高；
(ii) the subject matter of the obligation does not lend itself to enforcement by specific performance or the cost of performance is excessive;
（三）债权人在合理期限内未要求履行。
(iii) the obligee does not require performance within a reasonable time.
第一百一十一条质量不符合约定的，应当按照当事人的约定承担违约责任。对违约责任没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，受损害方根据标的的性质以及损失的大小，可以合理选择要求对方承担修理、更换、重作、退货、减少价款或者报酬等违约责任。
Article 111 Liabilities in Case of Quality Non-compliance Where a performance does not meet the prescribed quality requirements, the breaching party shall be liable for breach in accordance with the contract. Where the liabilities for breach were not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the aggrieved party may, by reasonable election in light of the nature of the subject matter and the degree of loss, require the other party to assume liabilities for breach by way of repair, replacement, remaking, acceptance of returned goods, or reduction in price or remuneration, etc.
第一百一十二条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定的，在履行义务或者采取补救措施后，对方还有其他损失的，应当赔偿损失。
Article 112 Liability for Damages Notwithstanding Subsequent Performance or Cure of Non-conforming Performance Where a party failed to perform or rendered non-conforming performance, if notwithstanding its subsequent performance or cure of non-conforming performance, the other party has sustained other loss, the breaching party shall pay damages.
第一百一十三条当事人一方不履行合同义务或者履行合同义务不符合约定，给对方造成损失的，损失赔偿额应当相当于因违约所造成的损失，包括合同履行后可以获得的利益，但不得超过违反合同一方订立合同时预见到或者应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的损失。
Article 113 Calculation of Damages; Damages to Consumer Where a party failed to perform or rendered non-conforming performance, thereby causing loss to the other party, the amount of damages payable shall be equivalent to the other party’s loss resulting from the breach, including any benefit that may be accrued from performance of the contract, provided that the amount shall not exceed the likely loss resulting from the breach which was foreseen or should have been foreseen by the breaching party at the time of conclusion of the contract.
经营者对消费者提供商品或者服务有欺诈行为的，依照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的规定承担损害赔偿责任。
Where a merchant engages in any fraudulent activity while supplying goods or services to a consumer, it is liable for damages in accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Protection of Consumer Rights.
第一百一十四条当事人可以约定一方违约时应当根据违约情况向对方支付一定数额的违约金，也可以约定因违约产生的损失赔偿额的计算方法。
Article 114 Liquidated Damages; Adjustment; Continuing Performance Notwithstanding Payment of Liquidated Damages The parties may prescribe that if one party breaches the contract, it will pay a certain sum of liquidated damages to the other party in light of the degree of breach, or prescribe a method for calculation of damages for the loss resulting from a party’s breach.
约定的违约金低于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以增加；约定的违约金过分高于造成的损失的，当事人可以请求人民法院或者仲裁机构予以适当减少。
Where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed is below the loss resulting from the breach, a party may petition the People’s Court or an arbitration institution to increase the amount; where the amount of liquidated damages prescribed exceeds the loss resulting from the breach, a party may petition the People’s Court or an arbitration institution to decrease the amount as appropriate.
当事人就迟延履行约定违约金的，违约方支付违约金后，还应当履行债务。
Where the parties prescribed liquidated damages for delayed performance, the breaching party shall, in addition to payment of the liquidated damages, render performance.
第一百一十五条当事人可以依照《中华人民共和国担保法》约定一方向对方给付定金作为债权的担保。债务人履行债务后，定金应当抵作价款或者收回。给付定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，无权要求返还定金；收受定金的一方不履行约定的债务的，应当双倍返还定金。
Article 115 Deposit The parties may prescribe that a party will give a deposit to the other party as assurance for the obligee’s right to performance in accordance with the Security Law of the People’s Republic of China. Upon performance by the obligor, the deposit shall be set off against the price or refunded to the obligor. If the party giving the deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it is not entitled to claim refund of the deposit; where the party receiving the deposit failed to perform its obligations under the contract, it shall return to the other party twice the amount of the deposit.
第一百一十六条当事人既约定违约金，又约定定金的，一方违约时，对方可以选择适用违约金或者定金条款。
Article 116 Election Between Deposit or Liquidated Damages Clauses If the parties prescribed payment of both liquidated damages and a deposit, in case of breach by a party, the other party may elect in alternative to apply the liquidated damages clause or the deposit clause.
第一百一十七条因不可抗力不能履行合同的，根据不可抗力的影响，部分或者全部免除责任，但法律另有规定的除外。当事人迟延履行后发生不可抗力的，不能免除责任。
Article 117 Force Majeure A party who was unable to perform a contract due to force majeure is exempted from liability in part or in whole in light of the impact of the event of force majeure, except otherwise provided by law. Where an event of force majeure occurred after the party’s delay in performance, it is not exempted from liability.
本法所称不可抗力，是指不能预见、不能避免并不能克服的客观情况。
For purposes of this Law, force majeure means any objective circumstance which is unforeseeable, unavoidable and insurmountable.
第一百一十八条当事人一方因不可抗力不能履行合同的，应当及时通知对方，以减轻可能给对方造成的损失，并应当在合理期限内提供证明。
Article 118 Duty to Notify in Case of Force Majeure If a party is unable to perform a contract due to force majeure, it shall timely notify the other party so as to mitigate the loss that may be caused to the other party, and shall provide proof of force majeure within a reasonable time.
第一百一十九条当事人一方违约后，对方应当采取适当措施防止损失的扩大；没有采取适当措施致使损失扩大的，不得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。
Article 119 Non-Breaching Party’s Duty to Mitigate Loss in Case of Breach Where a party breached the contract, the other party shall take the appropriate measures to prevent further loss; where the other party sustained further loss due to its failure to take the appropriate measures, it may not claim damages for such further loss.
当事人因防止损失扩大而支出的合理费用，由违约方承担。
Any reasonable expense incurred by the other party in preventing further loss shall be borne by the breaching party.
第一百二十条当事人双方都违反合同的，应当各自承担相应的责任。
Article 120 Bilateral Breach In case of bilateral breach, the parties shall assume their respective liabilities accordingly.
第一百二十一条当事人一方因第三人的原因造成违约的，应当向对方承担违约责任。当事人一方和第三人之间的纠纷，依照法律规定或者按照约定解决。
Article 121 Breach Due to Act of Third Person Where a party’s breach was attributable to a third person, it shall nevertheless be liable to the other party for breach. Any dispute between the party and such third person shall be resolved in accordance with the law or the agreement between the parties.
第一百二十二条因当事人一方的违约行为，侵害对方人身、财产权益的，受损害方有权选择依照本法要求其承担违约责任或者依照其他法律要求其承担侵权责任。
Article 122 Election of Remedy in Tort or in Contract Where a party’s breach harmed the personal or property interests of the other party, the aggrieved party is entitled to elect to hold the party liable for breach of contract in accordance herewith, or hold the party liable for tort in accordance with any other relevant law.
第八章 其他规定 Chapter Eight: Other Provisions
第一百二十三条其他法律对合同另有规定的，依照其规定。
Article 123 Applicability of Other Laws Where another law provides otherwise in respect of a certain contract, such provisions prevail.
第一百二十四条本法分则或者其他法律没有明文规定的合同，适用本法总则的规定，并可以参照本法分则或者其他法律最相类似的规定。
Article 124 Applicability to Non-categorized Contracts 　Where there is no express provision in the Specific Provisions hereof or any other law concerning a certain contract, the provisions in the General Principles hereof apply, and reference may be made to the provisions in the Specific Provisions hereof or any other law applicable to a contract which is most similar to such contract.
第一百二十五条当事人对合同条款的理解有争议的，应当按照合同所使用的词句、合同的有关条款、合同的目的、交易习惯以及诚实信用原则，确定该条款的真实意思。
Article 125 Contract Interpretation; Language Versions In case of any dispute between the parties concerning the construction of a contract term, the true meaning thereof shall be determined according to the words and sentences used in the contract, the relevant provisions and the purpose of the contract, and in accordance with the relevant usage and the principle of good faith.
合同文本采用两种以上文字订立并约定具有同等效力的，对各文本使用的词句推定具有相同含义。各文本使用的词句不一致的，应当根据合同的目的予以解释。
Where a contract was executed in two or more languages and it provides that all versions are equally authentic, the words and sentences in each version are construed to have the same meaning. In case of any discrepancy in the words or sentences used in the different language versions, they shall be interpreted in light of the purpose of the contract.
第一百二十六条涉外合同的当事人可以选择处理合同争议所适用的法律，但法律另有规定的除外。涉外合同的当事人没有选择的，适用与合同有最密切联系的国家的法律。
Article 126 Choice of Law in Foreign-related Contracts; Contracts Subject to Mandatory Application of Chinese Law 　　Parties to a foreign related contract may select the applicable law for resolution of a contractual dispute, except otherwise provided by law. Where parties to the foreign related contract failed to select the applicable law, the contract shall be governed by the law of the country with the closest connection thereto.
在中华人民共和国境内履行的中外合资经营企业合同、中外合作经营企业合同、中外合作勘探开发自然资源合同，适用中华人民共和国法律。
For a Sino-foreign Equity Joint Venture Enterprise Contract, Sino-foreign Cooperative Joint Venture Contract, or a Contract for Sino-foreign Joint Exploration and Development of Natural Resources which is performed within the territory of the People’s Republic of China, the law of the People’s Republic of China applies.
第一百二十七条工商行政管理部门和其他有关行政主管部门在各自的职权范围内，依照法律、行政法规的规定，对利用合同危害国家利益、社会公共利益的违法行为，负责监督处理；构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
Article 127 Role of Regulatory Authorities Within the scope of their respective duties, the authority for the administration of industry and commerce and other relevant authorities shall, in accordance with the relevant laws and administrative regulations, be responsible for monitoring and dealing with any illegal act which, through the conclusion of a contract, harms the state interests or the public interests; where such act constitutes a crime, criminal liability shall be imposed in accordance with the law.
第一百二十八条当事人可以通过和解或者调解解决合同争议。
Article 128 Dispute Resolution 　The parties may resolve a contractual dispute through settlement or mediation.
当事人不愿和解、调解或者和解、调解不成的，可以根据仲裁协议向仲裁机构申请仲裁。涉外合同的当事人可以根据仲裁协议向中国仲裁机构或者其他仲裁机构申请仲裁。当事人没有订立仲裁协议或者仲裁协议无效的，可以向人民法院起诉。当事人应当履行发生法律效力的判决、仲裁裁决、调解书；拒不履行的，对方可以请求人民法院执行。
Where the parties do not wish to, or are unable to, resolve such dispute through settlement or mediation, the dispute may be submitted to the relevant arbitration institution for arbitration in accordance with the arbitration agreement between the parties. Parties to a foreign related contract may apply to a Chinese arbitration institution or another arbitration institution for arbitration. Where the parties did not conclude an arbitration agreement, or the arbitration agreement is invalid, either party may bring a suit to the People’s Court. The parties shall perform any judgment, arbitral award or mediation agreement which has taken legal effect; if a party refuses to perform, the other party may apply to the People’s Court for enforcement.
第一百二十九条因国际货物买卖合同和技术进出口合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限为四年，自当事人知道或者应当知道其权利受到侵害之日起计算。因其他合同争议提起诉讼或者申请仲裁的期限，依照有关法律的规定。
Article 129 Time Limit for Action 　For a dispute arising from a contract for the international sale of goods or a technology import or export contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration is four years, commencing on the date when the party knew or should have known that its rights were harmed. For a dispute arising from any other type of contract, the time limit for bringing a suit or applying for arbitration shall be governed by the relevant law.
分则SPECIFIC PROVISIONS
第九章 买卖合同 Chapter Nine: Sales Contracts
第一百三十条买卖合同是出卖人转移标的物的所有权于买受人，买受人支付价款的合同。
Article 130 Definition of Sales Contract 　A sales contract is a contract whereby the seller transfers title to the subject matter to the buyer, who pays the price.
第一百三十一条买卖合同的内容除依照本法第十二条的规定以外，还可以包括包装方式、检验标准和方法、结算方式、合同使用的文字及其效力等条款。
Article 131 Additional Terms 　In addition to the terms set forth in Article 12 hereof, a sales contract may include terms such as packing method, inspection standard and inspection method, method of settlement of account, and the language versions of the contract and the authenticity thereof, etc.
第一百三十二条出卖的标的物，应当属于出卖人所有或者出卖人有权处分。
Article 132 Title or Disposal Power; Prohibition of or Restriction on Transfer 　The seller shall have title to, or the power to dispose of, the subject matter for sale.
法律、行政法规禁止或者限制转让的标的物，依照其规定。
Where a law or administrative regulation prohibits or restricts the transfer of the subject matter, such provision applies.
第一百三十三条标的物的所有权自标的物交付时起转移，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 133 Passing of Title 　Title to the subject matter passes at the time of its delivery, except otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第一百三十四条当事人可以在买卖合同中约定买受人未履行支付价款或者其他义务的，标的物的所有权属于出卖人。
Article 134 Conditional Sale 　The parties may prescribe in the sales contract that title to the subject matter remain in the seller until the buyer has paid the price or has performed other obligations.
第一百三十五条出卖人应当履行向买受人交付标的物或者交付提取标的物的单证，并转移标的物所有权的义务。
Article 135 Seller’s Obligations with Respect to Title Transfer 　The seller shall perform the obligations of delivering to the buyer the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof, as well as transferring title to the subject matter.
第一百三十六条出卖人应当按照约定或者交易习惯向买受人交付提取标的物单证以外的有关单证和资料。
Article 136 Delivery of Related Materials by Seller 　In addition to the document for taking delivery, the seller shall deliver to the buyer documents and materials related to the subject matter in accordance with the contract or in accordance with the relevant usage.
第一百三十七条出卖具有知识产权的计算机软件等标的物的，除法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的以外，该标的物的知识产权不属于买受人。
Article 137 Sales Involving Intellectual Property 　In a sale of any subject matter which contains intellectual property such as computer software, etc., the intellectual property in the subject matter does not vest in the buyer, except otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第一百三十八条出卖人应当按照约定的期限交付标的物。约定交付期间的，出卖人可以在该交付期间内的任何时间交付。
Article 138 Time of Delivery 　The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the prescribed time. Where the contract prescribes a period during which delivery is to take place, the seller may deliver at any time during the delivery period.
第一百三十九条当事人没有约定标的物的交付期限或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第四项的规定。
Article 139 Absence of Provision for Time of Delivery 　Where the time for delivery of the subject matter was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, Article 61 and Item 4 of Article 62 apply.
第一百四十条标的物在订立合同之前已为买受人占有的，合同生效的时间为交付时间。
Article 140 Time of Delivery of Subject Matter Already in Buyer’s Possession 　　　Where the subject matter was in buyer’s possession prior to conclusion of the contract, the time when the contract becomes effective is the time of delivery.
第一百四十一条出卖人应当按照约定的地点交付标的物。
Article 141 Absence of Provision for Place of Delivery 　The seller shall deliver the subject matter at the prescribed place.
当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用下列规定：
Where the place of delivery was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the following provisions apply:
（一）标的物需要运输的，出卖人应当将标的物交付给第一承运人以运交给买受人；
(i) If the subject matter needs carriage, the seller shall deliver the subject matter to the first carrier for transmission to the buyer;
（二）标的物不需要运输，出卖人和买受人订立合同时知道标的物在某一地点的，出卖人应当在该地点交付标的物；不知道标的物在某一地点的，应当在出卖人订立合同时的营业地交付标的物。
(ii) Where the subject matter does not need carriage, if at the time of conclusion of the contract, the buyer and the seller knew the subject matter was at a particular place, the seller shall deliver the subject matter at such place; and if they did not know the location of the subject matter, delivery shall take place at the seller’s place of business at the time of conclusion of the contract.
第一百四十二条标的物毁损、灭失的风险，在标的物交付之前由出卖人承担，交付之后由买受人承担，但法律另有规定或者当事人另有约定的除外。
Article 142 Passing of Risk 　The risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the seller prior to delivery, and by the buyer after delivery, except otherwise provided by law or agreed by the parties.
第一百四十三条因买受人的原因致使标的物不能按照约定的期限交付的，买受人应当自违反约定之日起承担标的物毁损、灭失的风险。
Article 143 Risk Allocation in Case of Delayed Delivery 　Where the subject matter was not delivered at the prescribed time due to any reason attributable to the buyer, the buyer shall bear the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter as from the date of breach.
第一百四十四条出卖人出卖交由承运人运输的在途标的物，除当事人另有约定的以外，毁损、灭失的风险自合同成立时起由买受人承担。
Article 144 Risk Allocation for Subject Matter in Transit 　Where the seller sells the subject matter which has been delivered to a carrier for transportation and is in transit, unless otherwise agreed by the parties, the risk of damage or loss is borne by the buyer as from the time of formation of the contract.
第一百四十五条当事人没有约定交付地点或者约定不明确，依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第一项的规定标的物需要运输的，出卖人将标的物交付给第一承运人后，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担。
Article 145 Passing of Risk in Case of Seller Arranged Carriage 　Where the place of delivery was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, if the subject matter needs carriage as provided in Item (i) of Paragraph 2 of Article 141, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the buyer as from the time the seller delivers the subject matter to the first carrier.
第一百四十六条出卖人按照约定或者依照本法第一百四十一条第二款第二项的规定将标的物置于交付地点，买受人违反约定没有收取的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险自违反约定之日起由买受人承担。
Article 146 Risk Allocation in Case of Delay in Taking Delivery 　Where the seller placed the subject matter at the place of delivery in accordance with the contract or in accordance with Item (ii) of Paragraph 2 of Article 141 hereof and the buyer fails to take delivery in breach of the contract, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the buyer as from the date of breach.
第一百四十七条出卖人按照约定未交付有关标的物的单证和资料的，不影响标的物毁损、灭失风险的转移。
Article 147 Passing of Risk Notwithstanding Failure to Deliver Documents 　　Failure by the seller to deliver the documents and materials relating to the subject matter in accordance with the contract does not affect passing of the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter.
第一百四十八条因标的物质量不符合质量要求，致使不能实现合同目的的，买受人可以拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同。买受人拒绝接受标的物或者解除合同的，标的物毁损、灭失的风险由出卖人承担。
Article 148 Rejection on Grounds of Quality Non-compliance; Risk Allocation in Case of Rejection 　　　Where the purpose of the contract is frustrated due to failure of the subject matter to meet the quality requirements, the buyer may reject the subject matter or terminate the contract. If the buyer rejects the subject matter or terminates the contract, the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter is borne by the seller.
第一百四十九条标的物毁损、灭失的风险由买受人承担的，不影响因出卖人履行债务不符合约定，买受人要求其承担违约责任的权利。
Article 149 Right to Remedy Notwithstanding Assumption of Risk 　Buyer’s assumption of the risk of damage to or loss of the subject matter does not prejudice its right to hold the seller liable for breach of contract if the seller rendered non-conforming performance.
第一百五十条出卖人就交付的标的物，负有保证第三人不得向买受人主张任何权利的义务，但法律另有规定的除外。
Article 150 Third Party Claim Warranty 　　The seller is obligated to warrant that the buyer will be free from any third party claim against it in respect of the subject matter delivered, except otherwise provided by law.
第一百五十一条买受人订立合同时知道或者应当知道第三人对买卖的标的物享有权利的，出卖人不承担本法第一百五十条规定的义务。
Article 151 Buyer’s Knowledge Releasing Third Party Claim Warranty 　　Where the buyer knew or should have known that the subject matter was subject to a third party claim at the time of conclusion of the contract, the seller does not assume the obligation prescribed in Article 150 hereof.
第一百五十二条买受人有确切证据证明第三人可能就标的物主张权利的，可以中止支付相应的价款，但出卖人提供适当担保的除外。
Article 152 Right to Withhold Payment in Case of Third Party Claim 　　Where the buyer has conclusive evidence establishing that a third person may make a claim on the subject matter, it may withhold payment of the corresponding price, except where the seller has provided appropriate assurance.
第一百五十三条出卖人应当按照约定的质量要求交付标的物。出卖人提供有关标的物质量说明的，交付的标的物应当符合该说明的质量要求。
Article 153 Quality Specifications 　The seller shall deliver the subject matter in compliance with the prescribed quality requirements. Where the seller gave quality specifications for the subject matter, the subject matter delivered shall comply with the quality requirements set forth therein.
第一百五十四条当事人对标的物的质量要求没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，适用本法第六十二条第一项的规定。
Article 154 Absence of Prescribed Quality Requirements 　　Where the quality requirements for the subject matter were not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, Item (i) of Article 62 hereof applies.
第一百五十五条出卖人交付的标的物不符合质量要求的，买受人可以依照本法第一百一十一条的规定要求承担违约责任。
Article 155 Quality Non-compliance Giving Rise to Claims 　　If the subject matter delivered by the seller fails to comply with the quality requirements, the buyer may hold the seller liable for breach of contract in accordance with Article 111 hereof.
第一百五十六条出卖人应当按照约定的包装方式交付标的物。对包装方式没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，应当按照通用的方式包装，没有通用方式的，应当采取足以保护标的物的包装方式。
Article 156 Packing Method 　　The seller shall deliver the subject matter packed in the prescribed manner. Where a packing method was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the subject matter shall be packed in a customary manner, or, if there is no customary manner, in a manner adequate to protect the subject matter.
第一百五十七条买受人收到标的物时应当在约定的检验期间内检验。没有约定检验期间的，应当及时检验。
Article 157 Inspection upon Receipt of Subject Matter 　　Upon receipt of the subject matter, the buyer shall inspect it within the prescribed inspection period. Where no inspection period was prescribed, the buyer shall timely inspect the subject matter.
第一百五十八条当事人约定检验期间的，买受人应当在检验期间内将标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的情形通知出卖人。买受人怠于通知的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定。
Article 158 Consequence of Failure to Inspect; Exceptions 　　Where an inspection period was prescribed, the buyer shall notify the seller of any non-compliance in quantity or quality of the subject matter within such inspection period. Where the buyer delayed in notifying the seller, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract.
当事人没有约定检验期间的，买受人应当在发现或者应当发现标的物的数量或者质量不符合约定的合理期间内通知出卖人。买受人在合理期间内未通知或者自标的物收到之日起两年内未通知出卖人的，视为标的物的数量或者质量符合约定，但对标的物有质量保证期的，适用质量保证期，不适用该两年的规定。
Where no inspection period was prescribed, the buyer shall notify the seller within a reasonable period, commencing on the date when the buyer discovered or should have discovered the quantity or quality non-compliance. If the buyer fails to notify within a reasonable period or fails to notify within 2 years, commencing on the date when it received the subject matter, the quantity or quality of the subject matter is deemed to comply with the contract, except that if there is a warranty period in respect of the subject matter, the warranty period applies and supersedes such two year period.
出卖人知道或者应当知道提供的标的物不符合约定的，买受人不受前两款规定的通知时间的限制。
Where the seller knew or should have known the non-compliance of the subject matter, the buyer is not subject to the time limits for notification prescribed in the previous two paragraphs.
第一百五十九条买受人应当按照约定的数额支付价款。对价款没有约定或者约定不明确的，适用本法第六十一条、第六十二条第二项的规定。
Article 159 Absence of Price Provision 　　The buyer shall pay the price in the prescribed amount. Where the price was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, the provisions of Article 61 and Item (ii) of Article 62 apply.
第一百六十条买受人应当按照约定的地点支付价款。对支付地点没有约定或者约定不明确，依照本法第六十一条的规定仍不能确定的，买受人应当在出卖人的营业地支付，但约定支付价款以交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证为条件的，在交付标的物或者交付提取标的物单证的所在地支付。
Article 160 Place of Payment 　　The buyer shall pay the price at the prescribed place. Where the place of payment was not prescribed or clearly prescribed, and cannot be determined in accordance with Article 61 hereof, the buyer shall make payment at the seller’s place of business, provided that if the parties agreed that payment shall be conditional upon delivery of the subject matter or the document for taking delivery thereof, payment shall be made at the place where the subject matter, or the document for taking delivery thereof, is delivered.
第一百六十一条买受人应当按照约定的时间支付价款。对支付时间没有约定或者约定不明确，依照